Maternal & Newborn Atlas
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Glucose tests for gestational diabetes (one-step and two-step)

Pregnant people are usually tested for gestational diabetes between 24 and 28 weeks. The test uses a sugary drink and blood samples. In the one-step approach, a 75 g drink is given after fasting and blood sugar is measured. In the two-step approach, a 50 g drink is given without fasting and, if the result is high, a second test with a 100 g drink follows. In a US trial of 23,792 women, one-step screening diagnosed gestational diabetes in 16.5% and two-step screening in 8.5%, and the main pregnancy outcomes did not differ significantly between the two.

  • Intervention
  • In this atlas

Overview

Technical summary

Sources: the USPSTF 2021 statement (for asymptomatic pregnant persons not previously diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: screening at 24 weeks or after, a B recommendation; before 24 weeks, an I statement), which does not choose a test; the ScreenR2GDM pragmatic trial (NEJM 2021); and the IADPSG consensus report of 2010. The trial compares whole pathways, since treatment guidelines matched each approach.

About this intervention

Type
Test
Mechanism
Not reported

Claims and evidence

Context Asymptomatic pregnant persons at 24 weeks of gestation or after (USPSTF 2021)

Recipient
Maternal
Population
Asymptomatic pregnant persons who have not been previously diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, at 24 weeks of gestation or after.
Care setting
Not stated in the PubMed abstract
Geography
United States (statement of the US Preventive Services Task Force); the abstract names no country.
Life stage
Pregnancy, 24 weeks of gestation or after
Gestational age
at least 24 weeks 0 days (168 days), measured at the time of measurement
Postnatal age
Not reported
Follow-up
Not applicable (recommendation context)
Eligibility: 1 inclusion criterion; 1 exclusion criterion
Included
  • Asymptomatic pregnant persons at 24 weeks of gestation or after
Excluded
  • Not stated in the PubMed abstract

  • Recommendation Guidance Certainty not assessed

    The USPSTF recommends screening for gestational diabetes in asymptomatic pregnant persons at 24 weeks of gestation or after. It grades this a B recommendation and concludes with moderate certainty that there is a moderate net benefit to screening for gestational diabetes at 24 weeks of gestation or after to improve maternal and fetal outcomes.

    Source problem. A cited source is corrected. Check the sources before relying on this claim.

    Applies to Maternal
    • Asymptomatic pregnant persons who have not been previously diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, at 24 weeks of gestation or after.
    • Not stated in the PubMed abstract
    • United States (statement of the US Preventive Services Task Force); the abstract names no country.
    • Pregnancy, 24 weeks of gestation or after
    • Gestational age at least 24 weeks 0 days, measured at the time of measurement
    • Postnatal age Not reported
    Follow-up Not applicable (recommendation context)
    Certainty method
    Not assessed
    Limitations
    The recommendation is for screening in general. It does not choose between the one-step and two-step tests, which is why it is linked to the page on glucose tests. PubMed links a published erratum (PMID 34609473, titled Incorrect Value in Table); its PubMed and PMC records hold only the title and no correction text (the correction is in the journal PDF, which was not fetched), so whether it changes anything in this claim is not known. The PubMed abstract prints each grade after its statement, so the B appears at the start of the next sentence. USPSTF certainty levels are the task force’s own wording and not a GRADE rating. Only the PubMed abstract was read.
    Last checked
    2026-10-14
    Next evidence check due
    Not scheduled
    Sources and citations (4)

    1. Supports Screening for Gestational Diabetes: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement

      Publication · JAMA · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. PubMed links a published erratum (PMID 34609473, titled Incorrect Value in Table); its text has no abstract and was not read, so the statement is cited as the PubMed abstract gives it. · Published 2021-08-10 · DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.11922 · PMID: 34374716

      Locator
      Abstract, RECOMMENDATION, sentence 1
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract of the USPSTF 2021 statement.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Corrected
      Snapshot hash
      178631f5dca566eb6af7f1a40ccd4d56431ea24170c6ef78b2942f5e4efccd97
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    2. Supports Screening for Gestational Diabetes: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement

      Publication · JAMA · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. PubMed links a published erratum (PMID 34609473, titled Incorrect Value in Table); its text has no abstract and was not read, so the statement is cited as the PubMed abstract gives it. · Published 2021-08-10 · DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.11922 · PMID: 34374716

      Locator
      Abstract, EVIDENCE ASSESSMENT, sentence 1
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract of the USPSTF 2021 statement.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Corrected
      Snapshot hash
      178631f5dca566eb6af7f1a40ccd4d56431ea24170c6ef78b2942f5e4efccd97
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    3. Background Screening for Gestational Diabetes: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement

      Publication · JAMA · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. PubMed links a published erratum (PMID 34609473, titled Incorrect Value in Table); its text has no abstract and was not read, so the statement is cited as the PubMed abstract gives it. · Published 2021-08-10 · DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.11922 · PMID: 34374716

      Locator
      Abstract, POPULATION, sentence 1
      How it applies
      Population.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Corrected
      Snapshot hash
      178631f5dca566eb6af7f1a40ccd4d56431ea24170c6ef78b2942f5e4efccd97
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    4. Background Incorrect Value in Table

      Publication · JAMA · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2021-10-05 · DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.14807 · PMID: 34609473 · PMCID: PMC8493435

      Locator
      ArticleTitle
      How it applies
      Title of the linked erratum; the erratum text itself was not read.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      ff3c6c32c67cc79f19007c8180686e3e488137f8ff64c8c309c91c6206e4fea8
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

Context Asymptomatic pregnant persons before 24 weeks of gestation (USPSTF 2021)

Recipient
Maternal
Population
Asymptomatic pregnant persons who have not been previously diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, before 24 weeks of gestation.
Care setting
Not stated in the PubMed abstract
Geography
United States (statement of the US Preventive Services Task Force); the abstract names no country.
Life stage
Pregnancy, before 24 weeks of gestation
Gestational age
up to 23 weeks 6 days (167 days), measured at the time of measurement
Postnatal age
Not reported
Follow-up
Not applicable (recommendation context)
Eligibility: 1 inclusion criterion; 1 exclusion criterion
Included
  • Asymptomatic pregnant persons before 24 weeks of gestation
Excluded
  • Not stated in the PubMed abstract

  • Recommendation Guidance Certainty not assessed

    The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for gestational diabetes in asymptomatic pregnant persons before 24 weeks of gestation. It labels this an I statement and says the balance of benefits and harms of screening cannot be determined.

    Source problem. A cited source is corrected. Check the sources before relying on this claim.

    Applies to Maternal
    • Asymptomatic pregnant persons who have not been previously diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, before 24 weeks of gestation.
    • Not stated in the PubMed abstract
    • United States (statement of the US Preventive Services Task Force); the abstract names no country.
    • Pregnancy, before 24 weeks of gestation
    • Gestational age up to 23 weeks 6 days, measured at the time of measurement
    • Postnatal age Not reported
    Follow-up Not applicable (recommendation context)
    Certainty method
    Not assessed
    Limitations
    An I statement is a statement about the evidence, not a recommendation against early testing. The PubMed abstract prints each grade after its statement, so the I appears at the start of the next sentence. PubMed links a published erratum (PMID 34609473, Incorrect Value in Table); its correction text was not read, so whether it changes this claim is not known.
    Last checked
    2026-10-14
    Next evidence check due
    Not scheduled
    Sources and citations (4)

    1. Supports Screening for Gestational Diabetes: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement

      Publication · JAMA · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. PubMed links a published erratum (PMID 34609473, titled Incorrect Value in Table); its text has no abstract and was not read, so the statement is cited as the PubMed abstract gives it. · Published 2021-08-10 · DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.11922 · PMID: 34374716

      Locator
      Abstract, EVIDENCE ASSESSMENT, sentence 2
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract of the USPSTF 2021 statement.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Corrected
      Snapshot hash
      178631f5dca566eb6af7f1a40ccd4d56431ea24170c6ef78b2942f5e4efccd97
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    2. Supports Screening for Gestational Diabetes: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement

      Publication · JAMA · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. PubMed links a published erratum (PMID 34609473, titled Incorrect Value in Table); its text has no abstract and was not read, so the statement is cited as the PubMed abstract gives it. · Published 2021-08-10 · DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.11922 · PMID: 34374716

      Locator
      Abstract, RECOMMENDATION, sentence 2
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract of the USPSTF 2021 statement.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Corrected
      Snapshot hash
      178631f5dca566eb6af7f1a40ccd4d56431ea24170c6ef78b2942f5e4efccd97
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    3. Supports Screening for Gestational Diabetes: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement

      Publication · JAMA · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. PubMed links a published erratum (PMID 34609473, titled Incorrect Value in Table); its text has no abstract and was not read, so the statement is cited as the PubMed abstract gives it. · Published 2021-08-10 · DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.11922 · PMID: 34374716

      Locator
      Abstract, RECOMMENDATION, sentence 3
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract of the USPSTF 2021 statement.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Corrected
      Snapshot hash
      178631f5dca566eb6af7f1a40ccd4d56431ea24170c6ef78b2942f5e4efccd97
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    4. Background Screening for Gestational Diabetes: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement

      Publication · JAMA · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. PubMed links a published erratum (PMID 34609473, titled Incorrect Value in Table); its text has no abstract and was not read, so the statement is cited as the PubMed abstract gives it. · Published 2021-08-10 · DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.11922 · PMID: 34374716

      Locator
      Abstract, POPULATION, sentence 1
      How it applies
      Population.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Corrected
      Snapshot hash
      178631f5dca566eb6af7f1a40ccd4d56431ea24170c6ef78b2942f5e4efccd97
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

Context Infants born to women in the ScreenR2GDM trial

Recipient
Mixed recipients
Population
Infants born to the women in the ScreenR2GDM trial. The outcomes in this context are large-for-gestational-age infants and a perinatal composite (stillbirth, neonatal death, shoulder dystocia, bone fracture, or any arm or hand nerve palsy related to birth injury). The composite includes deaths before or around birth, so the context covers fetuses and newborns and is not split by recipient.
Care setting
Two health systems (pragmatic trial); the abstract does not describe the settings further.
Geography
Not stated in the PubMed abstract
Life stage
Birth and the perinatal period
Gestational age
Not reported
Postnatal age
Not reported
Follow-up
Perinatal period, as the composite is defined
Eligibility: 1 inclusion criterion; 1 exclusion criterion
Included
  • Infants of the women in the trial
Excluded
  • Not stated in the PubMed abstract

  • Effect Interventional Certainty not assessed

    In ScreenR2GDM, in intention-to-treat analyses, the incidence of large-for-gestational-age infants was 8.9% with one-step screening and 9.2% with two-step screening (relative risk 0.95, 97.5% CI 0.87 to 1.05). The incidence of the perinatal composite outcome (stillbirth, neonatal death, shoulder dystocia, bone fracture, or any arm or hand nerve palsy related to birth injury) was 3.1% and 3.0% (relative risk 1.04, 97.5% CI 0.88 to 1.23). The authors report no significant between-group differences in these primary outcomes, although one-step screening diagnosed gestational diabetes about twice as often.

    Applies to Mixed recipients
    • Infants born to the women in the ScreenR2GDM trial. The outcomes in this context are large-for-gestational-age infants and a perinatal composite (stillbirth, neonatal death, shoulder dystocia, bone fracture, or any arm or hand nerve palsy related to birth injury). The composite includes deaths before or around birth, so the context covers fetuses and newborns and is not split by recipient.
    • Two health systems (pragmatic trial); the abstract does not describe the settings further.
    • Not stated in the PubMed abstract
    • Birth and the perinatal period
    • Gestational age Not reported
    • Postnatal age Not reported
    Follow-up Perinatal period, as the composite is defined
    Certainty method
    Not assessed
    Limitations
    The abstract gives incidences without denominators, so none are recorded. Adherence to the assigned screening differed (66% in the one-step group and 92% in the two-step group), and the abstract says results were materially unchanged with inverse probability weighting. The comparison is of whole pathways, as the treatment guidelines matched each screening approach. Only the PubMed abstract was read.
    Last checked
    2026-10-14
    Next evidence check due
    Not scheduled
    Sources and citations (5)

    1. Supports A Pragmatic, Randomized Clinical Trial of Gestational Diabetes Screening

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2021-03-11 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2026028 · PMID: 33704936 · PMCID: PMC9041326

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 4
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract of the NEJM 2021 report.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      3065c718588de479f058b8495cf371136936b740d0109d8bfaebd5cfb2b38a69
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    2. Supports A Pragmatic, Randomized Clinical Trial of Gestational Diabetes Screening

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2021-03-11 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2026028 · PMID: 33704936 · PMCID: PMC9041326

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 5
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract of the NEJM 2021 report.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      3065c718588de479f058b8495cf371136936b740d0109d8bfaebd5cfb2b38a69
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    3. Background A Pragmatic, Randomized Clinical Trial of Gestational Diabetes Screening

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2021-03-11 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2026028 · PMID: 33704936 · PMCID: PMC9041326

      Locator
      Abstract, METHODS, sentence 1
      How it applies
      Design and the authors’ conclusion.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      3065c718588de479f058b8495cf371136936b740d0109d8bfaebd5cfb2b38a69
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    4. Background A Pragmatic, Randomized Clinical Trial of Gestational Diabetes Screening

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2021-03-11 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2026028 · PMID: 33704936 · PMCID: PMC9041326

      Locator
      Abstract, METHODS, sentence 2
      How it applies
      Design and the authors’ conclusion.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      3065c718588de479f058b8495cf371136936b740d0109d8bfaebd5cfb2b38a69
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    5. Background A Pragmatic, Randomized Clinical Trial of Gestational Diabetes Screening

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2021-03-11 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2026028 · PMID: 33704936 · PMCID: PMC9041326

      Locator
      Abstract, CONCLUSIONS, sentence 1
      How it applies
      Design and the authors’ conclusion.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      3065c718588de479f058b8495cf371136936b740d0109d8bfaebd5cfb2b38a69
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

Context Pregnant women who received care in two health systems (ScreenR2GDM trial)

Recipient
Maternal
Population
All pregnant women who received care in two health systems. 23,792 women underwent randomization; women with more than one pregnancy during the trial could be assigned to more than one type of screening.
Care setting
Two health systems (pragmatic trial); the abstract does not describe the settings further.
Geography
Not stated in the PubMed abstract
Life stage
Pregnancy, screening for gestational diabetes
Gestational age
Not reported
Postnatal age
Not reported
Follow-up
Until delivery outcomes (diagnosis, hypertensive disorders, cesarean section)
Eligibility: 1 inclusion criterion; 1 exclusion criterion
Included
  • All pregnant women who received care in two health systems
Excluded
  • Not stated in the PubMed abstract

  • Effect Interventional Certainty not assessed

    In ScreenR2GDM, a pragmatic randomized trial in all pregnant women who received care in two health systems, 23,792 women underwent randomization. One-step screening (a 75-g glucose load in the fasting state) diagnosed gestational diabetes in 16.5% of the women assigned to it and two-step screening (a 50-g load in the nonfasting state, then a 100-g load in the fasting state if positive) in 8.5% (unadjusted relative risk 1.94, 97.5% CI 1.79 to 2.11). Adherence to the assigned screening was 66% in the one-step group and 92% in the two-step group. For the women, gestational hypertension or preeclampsia occurred in 13.6% (one-step) and 13.5% (two-step) (relative risk 1.00, 97.5% CI 0.93 to 1.08), and primary cesarean section in 24.0% and 24.6% (relative risk 0.98, 97.5% CI 0.93 to 1.02). The authors report no significant between-group differences in the primary outcomes relating to perinatal and maternal complications.

    Applies to Maternal
    • All pregnant women who received care in two health systems. 23,792 women underwent randomization; women with more than one pregnancy during the trial could be assigned to more than one type of screening.
    • Two health systems (pragmatic trial); the abstract does not describe the settings further.
    • Not stated in the PubMed abstract
    • Pregnancy, screening for gestational diabetes
    • Gestational age Not reported
    • Postnatal age Not reported
    Follow-up Until delivery outcomes (diagnosis, hypertensive disorders, cesarean section)
    Certainty method
    Not assessed
    Limitations
    The trial compares whole pathways: the abstract says treatment guidelines were consistent with each screening approach, so differences or the lack of them reflect screening plus the treatment each approach triggers. Adherence differed (66% and 92%); the abstract says results were materially unchanged in intention-to-treat analyses with inverse probability weighting for differential adherence. The abstract does not give the numbers of women analysed in each group or the follow-up period, so no denominators are recorded. Only the PubMed abstract was read; the full text is not in the PMC open access subset.
    Last checked
    2026-10-14
    Next evidence check due
    Not scheduled
    Sources and citations (8)

    1. Supports A Pragmatic, Randomized Clinical Trial of Gestational Diabetes Screening

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2021-03-11 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2026028 · PMID: 33704936 · PMCID: PMC9041326

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 1
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract of the NEJM 2021 report.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      3065c718588de479f058b8495cf371136936b740d0109d8bfaebd5cfb2b38a69
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    2. Supports A Pragmatic, Randomized Clinical Trial of Gestational Diabetes Screening

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2021-03-11 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2026028 · PMID: 33704936 · PMCID: PMC9041326

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 2
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract of the NEJM 2021 report.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      3065c718588de479f058b8495cf371136936b740d0109d8bfaebd5cfb2b38a69
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    3. Supports A Pragmatic, Randomized Clinical Trial of Gestational Diabetes Screening

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2021-03-11 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2026028 · PMID: 33704936 · PMCID: PMC9041326

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 3
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract of the NEJM 2021 report.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      3065c718588de479f058b8495cf371136936b740d0109d8bfaebd5cfb2b38a69
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    4. Supports A Pragmatic, Randomized Clinical Trial of Gestational Diabetes Screening

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2021-03-11 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2026028 · PMID: 33704936 · PMCID: PMC9041326

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 4
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract of the NEJM 2021 report.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      3065c718588de479f058b8495cf371136936b740d0109d8bfaebd5cfb2b38a69
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    5. Supports A Pragmatic, Randomized Clinical Trial of Gestational Diabetes Screening

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2021-03-11 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2026028 · PMID: 33704936 · PMCID: PMC9041326

      Locator
      Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 5
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract of the NEJM 2021 report.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      3065c718588de479f058b8495cf371136936b740d0109d8bfaebd5cfb2b38a69
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    6. Background A Pragmatic, Randomized Clinical Trial of Gestational Diabetes Screening

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2021-03-11 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2026028 · PMID: 33704936 · PMCID: PMC9041326

      Locator
      Abstract, METHODS, sentence 1
      How it applies
      Design, the treatment link and the authors’ conclusion.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      3065c718588de479f058b8495cf371136936b740d0109d8bfaebd5cfb2b38a69
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    7. Background A Pragmatic, Randomized Clinical Trial of Gestational Diabetes Screening

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2021-03-11 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2026028 · PMID: 33704936 · PMCID: PMC9041326

      Locator
      Abstract, METHODS, sentence 2
      How it applies
      Design, the treatment link and the authors’ conclusion.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      3065c718588de479f058b8495cf371136936b740d0109d8bfaebd5cfb2b38a69
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    8. Background A Pragmatic, Randomized Clinical Trial of Gestational Diabetes Screening

      Publication · The New England journal of medicine · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not fetched. · Published 2021-03-11 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2026028 · PMID: 33704936 · PMCID: PMC9041326

      Locator
      Abstract, CONCLUSIONS, sentence 1
      How it applies
      Design, the treatment link and the authors’ conclusion.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      3065c718588de479f058b8495cf371136936b740d0109d8bfaebd5cfb2b38a69
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

Context Women not previously found to have overt diabetes or gestational diabetes (IADPSG)

Recipient
Maternal
Population
Pregnant women not previously found to have overt diabetes or gestational diabetes during testing earlier in the same pregnancy. The panel applies the strategy to women without known diabetes before pregnancy.
Care setting
Not stated in the PubMed abstract
Geography
International (consensus panel of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups).
Life stage
Pregnancy, testing at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation
Gestational age
Not reported
Postnatal age
Not reported
Follow-up
Not applicable (recommendation context)
Eligibility: 1 inclusion criterion; 1 exclusion criterion
Included
  • Women not previously found to have overt diabetes or gestational diabetes in this pregnancy
Excluded
  • Not stated in the PubMed abstract

  • Recommendation Guidance Certainty not assessed

    The International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) consensus panel recommends a two-hour 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, performed after an overnight fast, for all women not previously found to have overt diabetes or gestational diabetes during testing earlier in the pregnancy. It places the test at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation and says one or more values from the 75-g test being equaled or exceeded is enough for a diagnosis of gestational diabetes, using thresholds in its Table 1. It does not recommend routinely performing oral glucose tolerance tests before 24 to 28 weeks, and it says it considered the HAPO study results in depth in setting the diagnostic thresholds.

    Applies to Maternal
    • Pregnant women not previously found to have overt diabetes or gestational diabetes during testing earlier in the same pregnancy. The panel applies the strategy to women without known diabetes before pregnancy.
    • Not stated in the PubMed abstract
    • International (consensus panel of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups).
    • Pregnancy, testing at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation
    • Gestational age Not reported
    • Postnatal age Not reported
    Follow-up Not applicable (recommendation context)
    Certainty method
    Not assessed
    Limitations
    This is a consensus panel recommendation from 2010 (Diabetes Care). The panel says that its recommendations for detecting overt diabetes in pregnancy rest on the opinions of its members, because prospective studies or suitable trials are not available. The threshold values are in the article tables and are not restated here because the table text could not be quoted word for word. The USPSTF statement of 2021 does not choose a test, and the ScreenR2GDM trial compared this kind of one-step test with a two-step approach; neither source ties the trial’s one-step arm to the IADPSG criteria, so the atlas does not either. Only the PMC full text was read, not the supplemental tables.
    Last checked
    2026-10-14
    Next evidence check due
    Not scheduled
    Sources and citations (4)

    1. Supports International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Recommendations on the Diagnosis and Classification of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy

      Publication · Diabetes Care · Edition PMC full text (efetch XML) of the Diabetes Care article, fetched 2026-10-14. PubMed holds no abstract for this record. The PubMed record of the same article (PMID 20190296) holds no abstract; its snapshot is kept here. · PMCID: PMC2827530 · PMID: 20190296 · DOI: 10.2337/dc09-1848

      Locator
      Table 2, 24–28 weeks gestation
      How it applies
      IADPSG report, PMC full text (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0); short quotation with attribution.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      3447c11ed65bf43b46778d02454495f46e65dd4883103ebc51e299659e0a5851
      Reuse basis
      The article states the licence CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 (readers may use it as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered). The XML is not committed; only its sha256 is kept. Quotations stay at 24 words or fewer, with the citation.

    2. Supports International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Recommendations on the Diagnosis and Classification of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy

      Publication · Diabetes Care · Edition PMC full text (efetch XML) of the Diabetes Care article, fetched 2026-10-14. PubMed holds no abstract for this record. The PubMed record of the same article (PMID 20190296) holds no abstract; its snapshot is kept here. · PMCID: PMC2827530 · PMID: 20190296 · DOI: 10.2337/dc09-1848

      Locator
      Table 1, footnote
      How it applies
      IADPSG report, PMC full text (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0); short quotation with attribution.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      3447c11ed65bf43b46778d02454495f46e65dd4883103ebc51e299659e0a5851
      Reuse basis
      The article states the licence CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 (readers may use it as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered). The XML is not committed; only its sha256 is kept. Quotations stay at 24 words or fewer, with the citation.

    3. Supports International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Recommendations on the Diagnosis and Classification of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy

      Publication · Diabetes Care · Edition PMC full text (efetch XML) of the Diabetes Care article, fetched 2026-10-14. PubMed holds no abstract for this record. The PubMed record of the same article (PMID 20190296) holds no abstract; its snapshot is kept here. · PMCID: PMC2827530 · PMID: 20190296 · DOI: 10.2337/dc09-1848

      Locator
      Summary of detection strategy, early pregnancy
      How it applies
      IADPSG report, PMC full text (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0); short quotation with attribution.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      3447c11ed65bf43b46778d02454495f46e65dd4883103ebc51e299659e0a5851
      Reuse basis
      The article states the licence CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 (readers may use it as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered). The XML is not committed; only its sha256 is kept. Quotations stay at 24 words or fewer, with the citation.

    4. Background International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Recommendations on the Diagnosis and Classification of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy

      Publication · Diabetes Care · Edition PMC full text (efetch XML) of the Diabetes Care article, fetched 2026-10-14. PubMed holds no abstract for this record. The PubMed record of the same article (PMID 20190296) holds no abstract; its snapshot is kept here. · PMCID: PMC2827530 · PMID: 20190296 · DOI: 10.2337/dc09-1848

      Locator
      Introduction, last paragraph
      How it applies
      Basis of the recommendations in the HAPO study and in panel opinion.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      3447c11ed65bf43b46778d02454495f46e65dd4883103ebc51e299659e0a5851
      Reuse basis
      The article states the licence CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 (readers may use it as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered). The XML is not committed; only its sha256 is kept. Quotations stay at 24 words or fewer, with the citation.

Guidance

Recommended: Glucose tests for gestational diabetes (one-step and two-step)

Applies to Maternal
  • Asymptomatic pregnant persons who have not been previously diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, at 24 weeks of gestation or after.
  • Not stated in the PubMed abstract
  • United States (statement of the US Preventive Services Task Force); the abstract names no country.
  • Pregnancy, 24 weeks of gestation or after
  • Gestational age at least 24 weeks 0 days, measured at the time of measurement
  • Postnatal age Not reported
Follow-up Not applicable (recommendation context)
Issued by
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
Guideline
USPSTF 2021: screening for gestational diabetes; Gestational Diabetes: Screening (USPSTF final recommendation statement page), edition Final recommendation statement page as fetched on 2026-10-14 (mx-uspstf-gestational-diabetes-screening.html). The date under the title is August 10, 2021.
Strength
B recommendation (USPSTF letter grades: A, B, C and D recommendations, and the I statement for when the evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against. The grade reflects the Task Force's certainty about net benefit. These are not GRADE strength labels.)
Effective
2021-08-10 (The date under the title of the USPSTF final recommendation statement page, August 10, 2021. The statement was also published in JAMA, which has its own issue date.)
Jurisdictions
United States; note: United States (the issuer is a United States task force).
Supersession
Not checked
Basis
The USPSTF recommends screening for gestational diabetes in asymptomatic pregnant persons at 24 weeks of gestation or after. It grades this a B recommendation and concludes with moderate certainty that there is a moderate net benefit to screening for gestational diabetes at 24 weeks of gestation or after to improve maternal and fetal outcomes.

Source problem. A cited source is corrected. Check the sources before relying on this claim.

Limitations. The recommendation is for screening in general. It does not choose between the one-step and two-step tests, which is why it is linked to the page on glucose tests. PubMed links a published erratum (PMID 34609473, titled Incorrect Value in Table); its PubMed and PMC records hold only the title and no correction text (the correction is in the journal PDF, which was not fetched), so whether it changes anything in this claim is not known. The PubMed abstract prints each grade after its statement, so the B appears at the start of the next sentence. USPSTF certainty levels are the task force’s own wording and not a GRADE rating. Only the PubMed abstract was read.

Evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against: Glucose tests for gestational diabetes (one-step and two-step)

Applies to Maternal
  • Asymptomatic pregnant persons who have not been previously diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, before 24 weeks of gestation.
  • Not stated in the PubMed abstract
  • United States (statement of the US Preventive Services Task Force); the abstract names no country.
  • Pregnancy, before 24 weeks of gestation
  • Gestational age up to 23 weeks 6 days, measured at the time of measurement
  • Postnatal age Not reported
Follow-up Not applicable (recommendation context)
Issued by
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
Guideline
USPSTF 2021: screening for gestational diabetes; Gestational Diabetes: Screening (USPSTF final recommendation statement page), edition Final recommendation statement page as fetched on 2026-10-14 (mx-uspstf-gestational-diabetes-screening.html). The date under the title is August 10, 2021.
Strength
I statement (USPSTF letter grades: A, B, C and D recommendations, and the I statement for when the evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against. The grade reflects the Task Force's certainty about net benefit. These are not GRADE strength labels.)
Effective
2021-08-10 (The date under the title of the USPSTF final recommendation statement page, August 10, 2021. The statement was also published in JAMA, which has its own issue date.)
Jurisdictions
United States; note: United States (the issuer is a United States task force).
Supersession
Not checked
Basis
The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for gestational diabetes in asymptomatic pregnant persons before 24 weeks of gestation. It labels this an I statement and says the balance of benefits and harms of screening cannot be determined.

Source problem. A cited source is corrected. Check the sources before relying on this claim.

Limitations. An I statement is a statement about the evidence, not a recommendation against early testing. The PubMed abstract prints each grade after its statement, so the I appears at the start of the next sentence. PubMed links a published erratum (PMID 34609473, Incorrect Value in Table); its correction text was not read, so whether it changes this claim is not known.

Clinical links

Each link reports what one cited claim says about one population. "Evaluated for" means studied, not shown to work. These links do not show that anything is effective or right for you.

Record details

Record id
maternal:gdm-glucose-screening-test
Content hash
489ef07e1e73e518d44d688c622f54078a7d507b9d2ae62a5ebf2f0785180eb3