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Electronic fetal heart-rate monitoring (cardiotocography)

A recording of the baby's heart rate and the mother's contractions, usually through belts on the abdomen. It is used to spot babies who may be short of oxygen. A Cochrane review found that, compared with listening intermittently, continuous recording during labour halved newborn seizures, did not clearly change deaths around birth, and was linked with more caesarean and instrumental births.

  • Technology
  • In this atlas

Overview

Technical summary

Cardiotocography (CTG) records changes in the fetal heart rate and their relation to uterine contractions, to guide further assessment or decide on caesarean or instrumental birth (Cochrane review background). The Cochrane review (PMID 28157275; 13 trials, over 37,000 women, searched to November 2016) compared continuous CTG with intermittent auscultation; the evidence is mostly low quality. Two US-cleared wireless products (Novii patch and INVU) are filed under it. A link to the labour page awaits that cluster's record.

How it works

Records the fetal heart rate and its timing against uterine contractions, to identify babies who may be short of oxygen so that further assessment or a change in birth plan can follow (Cochrane review background).

Strengths

  • In the Cochrane review, continuous CTG during labour was associated with halving of neonatal seizures against intermittent auscultation (moderate-quality evidence).

Limitations

  • Continuous CTG showed no significant improvement in overall perinatal death and was associated with more caesarean sections and instrumental vaginal births (low-quality evidence).
  • All included studies were at high risk of performance bias, and no data compared no monitoring with continuous CTG.

Required infrastructure

  • A cardiotocograph monitor, or a wireless patch (Novii) that can feed one, within its cleared population: women in labour at more than 36 completed weeks with a singleton pregnancy for Novii, and singleton pregnancies at 34 weeks 0/7 days or later for Novii+; and staff able to read the trace.

Claims and evidence

Context Fetuses and babies of women in labour, continuous cardiotocography against intermittent auscultation (Cochrane review)

Recipient
Mixed recipients
Population
Fetuses and babies of women in labour in 13 randomised and quasi-randomised trials involving over 37,000 women. One trial of 4044 women compared continuous cardiotocography with intermittent cardiotocography; the other 12 trials compared it with intermittent auscultation. The abstract does not describe the women beyond subgroups for low risk, high risk and preterm pregnancy. Outcomes in this context (perinatal death, neonatal seizures, cerebral palsy) are counted in babies.
Care setting
Labour in the included trials; setting not described in the abstract
Geography
Not stated in the abstract
Life stage
Labour; follow-up to the newborn period and, for cerebral palsy, later childhood
Gestational age
Not reported
Postnatal age
Not reported
Follow-up
Not stated in the parts of the source that were read.
Eligibility: inclusion criteria not stated; 1 exclusion criterion
Included
None stated
Excluded
  • Not stated in the parts of the source that were read.

  • Effect Evidence synthesis Moderate certainty

    A Cochrane review of 13 trials involving over 37,000 women compared continuous cardiotocography during labour with intermittent auscultation (one trial of 4044 women compared it with intermittent cardiotocography). Continuous cardiotocography was associated with halving of neonatal seizure rates (risk ratio 0.50, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.80; 9 trials, N = 32,386). The review authors graded this evidence moderate.

    Applies to Mixed recipients
    • Fetuses and babies of women in labour in 13 randomised and quasi-randomised trials involving over 37,000 women. One trial of 4044 women compared continuous cardiotocography with intermittent cardiotocography; the other 12 trials compared it with intermittent auscultation. The abstract does not describe the women beyond subgroups for low risk, high risk and preterm pregnancy. Outcomes in this context (perinatal death, neonatal seizures, cerebral palsy) are counted in babies.
    • Labour in the included trials; setting not described in the abstract
    • Not stated in the abstract
    • Labour; follow-up to the newborn period and, for cerebral palsy, later childhood
    • Gestational age Not reported
    • Postnatal age Not reported
    Follow-up Not stated in the parts of the source that were read.
    Certainty method
    Cochrane review authors' own GRADE assessment for the neonatal seizure outcome, as stated in the abstract (moderate)
    Limitations
    Methodological quality was mixed, all included studies were at high risk of performance bias, and only two trials were assessed as high quality. No data were found comparing no fetal monitoring with continuous cardiotocography. The comparison is with intermittent auscultation, not with no monitoring. Only the abstract was read.
    Last checked
    2026-10-14
    Next evidence check due
    Not scheduled
    Sources and citations (10)

    1. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, BACKGROUND, sentence 1
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    2. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 1
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    3. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 2, fragment 1 of 2
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    4. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 2, fragment 2 of 2
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    5. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 3
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    6. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 4
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    7. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 5
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    8. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 6, fragment 1 of 4
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    9. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 6, fragment 3 of 4
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    10. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 6, fragment 4 of 4
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

  • Effect Evidence synthesis Low certainty

    In the same Cochrane review, continuous cardiotocography showed no significant improvement in the overall perinatal death rate compared with intermittent auscultation (risk ratio 0.86, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.23; 11 trials, N = 33,513). There was no difference in cerebral palsy rates (risk ratio 1.75, 95% CI 0.84 to 3.63; 2 trials, N = 13,252). The review authors graded both low.

    Applies to Mixed recipients
    • Fetuses and babies of women in labour in 13 randomised and quasi-randomised trials involving over 37,000 women. One trial of 4044 women compared continuous cardiotocography with intermittent cardiotocography; the other 12 trials compared it with intermittent auscultation. The abstract does not describe the women beyond subgroups for low risk, high risk and preterm pregnancy. Outcomes in this context (perinatal death, neonatal seizures, cerebral palsy) are counted in babies.
    • Labour in the included trials; setting not described in the abstract
    • Not stated in the abstract
    • Labour; follow-up to the newborn period and, for cerebral palsy, later childhood
    • Gestational age Not reported
    • Postnatal age Not reported
    Follow-up Not stated in the parts of the source that were read.
    Certainty method
    Cochrane review authors' own GRADE assessment for the perinatal death and cerebral palsy outcomes, as stated in the abstract (low)
    Limitations
    The cerebral palsy interval is wide (0.84 to 3.63) and does not rule out an increase or a decrease. All included studies were at high risk of performance bias. Only the abstract was read.
    Last checked
    2026-10-14
    Next evidence check due
    Not scheduled
    Sources and citations (5)

    1. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 5
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    2. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 6, fragment 1 of 4
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    3. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 6, fragment 2 of 4
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    4. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 6, fragment 3 of 4
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    5. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 7
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

Context Women in labour, continuous cardiotocography against intermittent auscultation (Cochrane review)

Recipient
Maternal
Population
Women in labour in the same 13 trials. Outcomes in this context (caesarean section, instrumental vaginal birth) are counted in women.
Care setting
Labour in the included trials; setting not described in the abstract
Geography
Not stated in the abstract
Life stage
Labour and birth
Gestational age
Not reported
Postnatal age
Not reported
Follow-up
Not stated in the parts of the source that were read.
Eligibility: inclusion criteria not stated; 1 exclusion criterion
Included
None stated
Excluded
  • Not stated in the parts of the source that were read.

  • Safety Evidence synthesis Low certainty

    In the Cochrane review, continuous cardiotocography was associated with more caesarean sections than intermittent auscultation (risk ratio 1.63, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.07; 11 trials, N = 18,861) and women were also more likely to have instrumental vaginal births (risk ratio 1.15, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.33; 10 trials, N = 18,615). The review authors graded both low. In the single trial comparing continuous with intermittent cardiotocography, there was no difference in caesarean section rates (risk ratio 1.29, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.97; 4044 women).

    Applies to Maternal
    • Women in labour in the same 13 trials. Outcomes in this context (caesarean section, instrumental vaginal birth) are counted in women.
    • Labour in the included trials; setting not described in the abstract
    • Not stated in the abstract
    • Labour and birth
    • Gestational age Not reported
    • Postnatal age Not reported
    Follow-up Not stated in the parts of the source that were read.
    Certainty method
    Cochrane review authors' own GRADE assessment for the caesarean section and instrumental vaginal birth outcomes, as stated in the abstract (low)
    Limitations
    These are harms counted in women. The evidence is low quality, and all included studies were at high risk of performance bias. The abstract does not say whether the extra operative births were clinically needed. Only the abstract was read.
    Last checked
    2026-10-14
    Next evidence check due
    Not scheduled
    Sources and citations (7)

    1. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 5
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    2. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 8, fragment 1 of 2
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    3. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 8, fragment 2 of 2
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    4. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 9, fragment 1 of 2
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    5. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 9, fragment 2 of 2
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    6. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 10, fragment 3 of 4
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

    7. Supports Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

      Publication · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · Edition PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-14. The full text and the version of record were not read. · Published 2017-02-03 · DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3 · PMID: 28157275

      Locator
      Abstract, MAIN RESULTS, sentence 10, fragment 4 of 4
      How it applies
      PubMed abstract.
      Retrieved
      Source effective date
      Not reported
      Source state
      Current
      Snapshot hash
      d0085333edd256687e4fc9230a365c34f7e33f5f2f90ef9979bf612708c9a3cd
      Reuse basis
      PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.

Record details

Record id
maternal:electronic-fetal-monitoring
Content hash
0f4bc40de3ed5dd750e3eb3422c94857a2a3d60e5f255d9fdf955aa55c225a0a