{ "release_id": "fc5a600ec7387e71", "id": "maternal:outcome-pregnancy-related-death", "owner": "maternal", "kind": "outcome", "slug": "outcome-pregnancy-related-death", "name": "Pregnancy-related death (maternal death)", "aliases": [], "atlases": [ "maternal" ], "summary_plain": "The death of a woman during pregnancy or in the period after it ends, from a cause linked to the pregnancy. WHO and CDC count different time windows: WHO counts deaths up to 42 days after the pregnancy ends, and CDC counts pregnancy-related deaths up to 1 year after delivery. WHO's fact sheet, which does not state the time window it counts, says about 260 000 women died around pregnancy and childbirth in 2023.", "summary_technical": "Two definitions are kept apart. WHO maternal death: while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes (as quoted in a 2025 WHO analysis of the causes of maternal death); deaths from 43 days to under 1 year are late maternal deaths. CDC pregnancy-related death: during pregnancy or within 1 year after delivery and caused by a pregnancy complication, a chain of events started by the pregnancy, or the aggravation of an unrelated condition by pregnancy (2019 MMWR). The atlas holds the burden claims in separate contexts: WHO modelled global causes for 2009 to 2020, US surveillance for 2011 to 2015, 13-state committee review for 2013 to 2017, and the WHO fact sheet for 2023 (no time window stated). Bleeding deaths are one cause and have their own outcome record.", "editorial_state": "draft", "last_substantive_edit": "2026-10-15", "last_evidence_check": "2026-10-15", "next_review_due": null, "identifiers": [], "navigation": { "maternal": { "life-stage": [ "pregnancy", "childbirth", "postpartum" ], "care-area": [ "postpartum-recovery" ] } }, "payload": { "definition": "A maternal death under the WHO definition (up to 42 days after the end of pregnancy), and a pregnancy-related death under the CDC definition (up to 1 year after delivery). The two are different counts; each claim keeps its own definition.", "unit": "deaths", "components": [] }, "content_digest": "0332d45c8cfeac43aac76129d253b6c92b5d005685560d6900a9094e1b6fc8a8", "review": { "content_digest": "0332d45c8cfeac43aac76129d253b6c92b5d005685560d6900a9094e1b6fc8a8", "current": [], "conflicting": [], "stale": [], "inactive": [] }, "claims": [ { "release_id": "fc5a600ec7387e71", "id": "maternal:claim-cdc-definition-of-pregnancy-related-death", "owner": "maternal", "subject_entity_id": "maternal:outcome-pregnancy-related-death", "category": "descriptive", "statement": "CDC counts a death as pregnancy-related if it occurred during pregnancy or within 1 year after delivery and was caused by a pregnancy complication, by a chain of events started by the pregnancy, or by the pregnancy's physiologic effects making an unrelated condition worse. Medically trained epidemiologists review each reported death to decide this.", "context": { "id": "maternal:ctx-us-pregnancy-related-deaths-2011-15", "label": "Pregnancy-related deaths in the United States in 2011 to 2015, CDC Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System", "recipient": "maternal", "population": "Deaths reported to CDC's national Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System that occurred during pregnancy or within 1 year after delivery and that medically trained epidemiologists judged to be pregnancy-related, meaning caused by a pregnancy complication, a chain of events initiated by pregnancy, or the aggravation of an unrelated condition by the physiologic effects of pregnancy. This is a wider time window than the WHO definition of a maternal death, which stops at 42 days.", "care_setting": "Not applicable: deaths in any setting reported by state and city health departments", "geography": "United States. CDC asks all states, the District of Columbia and New York City to send death certificates and linked records.", "life_stage_note": "During pregnancy and up to 1 year after delivery", "life_stage_terms": { "maternal": [ "pregnancy", "childbirth", "postpartum" ] }, "gestational_age_min_days": null, "gestational_age_max_days": null, "gestational_age_basis": null, "postnatal_age_min_days": null, "postnatal_age_max_days": null, "gestational_age_status": null, "postnatal_age_status": null, "followup_description": "Deaths in 2011 to 2015", "eligibility": { "inclusion": [ "Deaths during pregnancy or within 1 year after delivery that medically trained epidemiologists judged pregnancy-related" ], "exclusion": [ "Deaths judged not pregnancy-related" ] } }, "evidence_stage": "not_applicable", "certainty": "not_assessed", "certainty_method": null, "limitations": "This is the definition used in the 2019 MMWR report on the Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System. It is wider than the WHO definition of a maternal death, which ends at 42 days, so numbers under the two definitions are not interchangeable. Only the report was read, not CDC's own definition pages, which are not scriptable.", "editorial_state": "draft", "checked_at": "2026-10-15", "next_review_due": null, "valid_from": null, "valid_to": null, "citations": [ { "evidence_role": "supports", "locator": "Methods, paragraph 1", "applicability_note": "Open access full text (CC BY).", "snapshot": { "id": "maternal:pmc-pmc6542194-2026-10-15", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-15T13:49:14Z", "content_hash": "573b1063095f45822f0b0c1935cfe574fe445200cf396718218bc72144cb83b7", "source_effective_date": null, "public_archive_url": null, "source_state": "current" }, "source": { "id": "maternal:pmc-pmc6542194", "source_type": "publication", "title": "Vital Signs: Pregnancy-Related Deaths, United States, 2011–2015, and Strategies for Prevention, 13 States, 2013–2017", "canonical_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6542194/", "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "pmcid", "value": "PMC6542194", "normalized_value": "PMC6542194", "match": "exact", "version": null, "label": null, "from_source": false }, { "scheme": "pmid", "value": "31071074", "normalized_value": "31071074", "match": "exact", "version": null, "label": null, "from_source": false }, { "scheme": "doi", "value": "10.15585/mmwr.mm6818e1", "normalized_value": "10.15585/mmwr.mm6818e1", "match": "exact", "version": null, "label": null, "from_source": false } ], "publication_date": null, "publisher": "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report", "edition": "PMC Open Access subset full-text XML, from NCBI E-utilities, retrieved 2026-10-15.", "reuse_basis": "PMC Open Access subset article under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (named in the article). 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The raw XML is committed at research/snapshots/mk-pmc-PMC6542194.xml, which CC BY allows with attribution. Short quotations under 25 words.", "public_text": "quote", "replaced_by": null, "retirement_note": null } } ], "review": { "content_digest": "51cf672979d3335b7b18e53c29dc22ef3e10a4822dc97220955d3df291114bc9", "current": [], "conflicting": [], "stale": [], "inactive": [] }, "api_path": "api/v1/claims/maternal--claim-cdc-definition-of-pregnancy-related-death.json" }, { "release_id": "fc5a600ec7387e71", "id": "maternal:claim-us-pregnancy-related-deaths-2011-15", "owner": "maternal", "subject_entity_id": "maternal:outcome-pregnancy-related-death", "category": "burden", "statement": "CDC analysed national Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System data for 2011 to 2015: 3,410 pregnancy-related deaths in the United States, a pregnancy-related mortality ratio of 17.2 per 100,000 live births. Non-Hispanic Black women and American Indian/Alaska Native women had the highest ratios (42.8 and 32.5), 3.3 and 2.5 times the ratio for non-Hispanic White women (13.0). Timing was known for 87.7% (2,990) of the deaths: 31.3% occurred during pregnancy, 16.9% on the day of delivery, 18.6% 1 to 6 days postpartum, 21.4% 7 to 42 days postpartum and 11.7% 43 to 365 days postpartum. Leading causes included cardiovascular conditions, infection and haemorrhage, and varied by timing.", "context": { "id": "maternal:ctx-us-pregnancy-related-deaths-2011-15", "label": "Pregnancy-related deaths in the United States in 2011 to 2015, CDC Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System", "recipient": "maternal", "population": "Deaths reported to CDC's national Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System that occurred during pregnancy or within 1 year after delivery and that medically trained epidemiologists judged to be pregnancy-related, meaning caused by a pregnancy complication, a chain of events initiated by pregnancy, or the aggravation of an unrelated condition by the physiologic effects of pregnancy. This is a wider time window than the WHO definition of a maternal death, which stops at 42 days.", "care_setting": "Not applicable: deaths in any setting reported by state and city health departments", "geography": "United States. CDC asks all states, the District of Columbia and New York City to send death certificates and linked records.", "life_stage_note": "During pregnancy and up to 1 year after delivery", "life_stage_terms": { "maternal": [ "pregnancy", "childbirth", "postpartum" ] }, "gestational_age_min_days": null, "gestational_age_max_days": null, "gestational_age_basis": null, "postnatal_age_min_days": null, "postnatal_age_max_days": null, "gestational_age_status": null, "postnatal_age_status": null, "followup_description": "Deaths in 2011 to 2015", "eligibility": { "inclusion": [ "Deaths during pregnancy or within 1 year after delivery that medically trained epidemiologists judged pregnancy-related" ], "exclusion": [ "Deaths judged not pregnancy-related" ] } }, "evidence_stage": "observational", "certainty": "not_assessed", "certainty_method": null, "limitations": "These are surveillance counts for 2011 to 2015 under the CDC definition (up to 1 year after delivery), not the WHO 42-day definition, and they describe the United States only. The ratios are not adjusted comparisons, and the report says nothing in these figures about why they differ. Rates may have changed since. 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