{ "release_id": "fc5a600ec7387e71", "id": "maternal:gestational-diabetes", "owner": "maternal", "kind": "condition", "slug": "gestational-diabetes", "name": "Gestational diabetes", "aliases": [], "atlases": [ "maternal" ], "summary_plain": "Gestational diabetes is diabetes that first appears during pregnancy, usually around the 24th week. It often has no symptoms, so pregnant people are usually tested. It usually goes away after the baby is born, but it raises the chance of developing type 2 diabetes later. It is linked with more risk of pre-eclampsia in the mother and, in the baby, with being larger than average, which can cause shoulder dystocia and birth injury, and with low blood sugar after birth.", "summary_technical": "This page is the hub for screening, diagnosis criteria and treatment trials in this atlas. The US Preventive Services Task Force (2021) estimates US prevalence at 5.8% to 9.2% by traditional diagnostic criteria, possibly higher by more inclusive criteria. Which women are labelled with gestational diabetes depends on the diagnostic approach (see the bottleneck page). HAPO relates maternal glucose to outcomes across the range.", "editorial_state": "draft", "last_substantive_edit": "2026-10-14", "last_evidence_check": "2026-10-14", "next_review_due": null, "identifiers": [], "navigation": { "maternal": { "life-stage": [ "pregnancy", "postpartum" ], "care-area": [ "pregnancy-conditions" ] } }, "payload": { "recognition": "Often no symptoms; found by blood glucose tests, usually between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy.", "assessment": null, "burden_claims": [ "maternal:claim-uspstf-2021-gdm-prevalence-us" ] }, "content_digest": "39423118504803a0e97a0e0bfeebc01cd47141937908251e8f184d94dd13d7f8", "review": { "content_digest": "39423118504803a0e97a0e0bfeebc01cd47141937908251e8f184d94dd13d7f8", "current": [], "conflicting": [], "stale": [], "inactive": [] }, "claims": [ { "release_id": "fc5a600ec7387e71", "id": "maternal:claim-hapo-glucose-and-newborn-outcomes", "owner": "maternal", "subject_entity_id": "maternal:gestational-diabetes", "category": "descriptive", "statement": "In the HAPO study, 25,505 pregnant women at 15 centers in nine countries had a 75-g oral glucose-tolerance test at 24 to 32 weeks of gestation. For the 23,316 participants with blinded data, an increase of 1 standard deviation in the fasting (6.9 mg per deciliter), 1-hour (30.9 mg per deciliter) and 2-hour (23.5 mg per deciliter) plasma glucose was associated, in that order, with adjusted odds ratios for a birth weight above the 90th percentile of 1.38 (95% CI 1.32 to 1.44), 1.46 (1.39 to 1.53) and 1.38 (1.32 to 1.44); for cord-blood C-peptide above the 90th percentile, 1.55 (1.47 to 1.64), 1.46 (1.38 to 1.54) and 1.37 (1.30 to 1.44); and for neonatal hypoglycemia, 1.08 (0.98 to 1.19), 1.13 (1.03 to 1.26) and 1.10 (1.00 to 1.12). The abstract reports no obvious thresholds at which risks increased, and associations with secondary outcomes tended to be weaker.", "context": { "id": "maternal:ctx-hapo-infants-of-women-with-blinded-glucose-tolerance-tests", "label": "Infants born to HAPO women with blinded 75-g glucose tolerance test data", "recipient": "newborn", "population": "Infants born to women in the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study. 25,505 pregnant women at 15 centers in nine countries underwent 75-g oral glucose-tolerance testing at 24 to 32 weeks of gestation; 23,316 participants with blinded data were analysed. The outcomes in this context are counted in the baby: birth weight above the 90th percentile, cord-blood C-peptide above the 90th percentile and neonatal hypoglycemia.", "care_setting": "15 centers in nine countries; the abstract does not describe the settings or name the countries.", "geography": "Not stated in the PubMed abstract", "life_stage_note": "Pregnancy (testing at 24 to 32 weeks) and birth", "life_stage_terms": { "maternal": [ "pregnancy", "newborn" ] }, "gestational_age_min_days": 168, "gestational_age_max_days": null, "gestational_age_basis": "at_measurement", "postnatal_age_min_days": null, "postnatal_age_max_days": null, "gestational_age_status": null, "postnatal_age_status": null, "followup_description": "From the 24 to 32 week test to delivery", "eligibility": { "inclusion": [ "Pregnant women who had a 75-g oral glucose-tolerance test at 24 to 32 weeks of gestation" ], "exclusion": [ "Women whose data were unblinded: fasting plasma glucose above 105 mg per deciliter (5.8 mmol per liter) or 2-hour plasma glucose above 200 mg per deciliter (11.1 mmol per liter)" ] } }, "evidence_stage": "observational", "certainty": "not_assessed", "certainty_method": null, "limitations": "An observational study, so these are associations. Data stayed blinded only if the fasting glucose was 105 mg per deciliter or less and the 2-hour glucose was 200 mg per deciliter or less, so the analysis covers women below those limits. The last interval for neonatal hypoglycemia (1.00 to 1.12) is reported as the PubMed abstract prints it; the full text was not read to check it. Maternal outcomes are in a separate claim. The abstract does not name the 15 centers or the nine countries. Only the PubMed abstract was read.", "editorial_state": "draft", "checked_at": "2026-10-14", "next_review_due": null, "valid_from": null, "valid_to": null, "citations": [ { "evidence_role": "supports", "locator": "Abstract, RESULTS, sentence 2", "applicability_note": "PubMed abstract of the HAPO report (NEJM 2008).", "snapshot": { "id": "maternal:pubmed-18463375-2026-10-14", "retrieved_at": "2026-10-14T18:18:23Z", "content_hash": "df9ac5395730e8be76f56156340144b92a85d82ac39a1cd6d4c2f0679a85455c", "source_effective_date": null, "public_archive_url": null, "source_state": "current" }, "source": { "id": "maternal:pubmed-10-1056-nejmoa0707943", "source_type": "publication", "title": "Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes", "canonical_url": "https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0707943", "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "doi", "value": "10.1056/NEJMoa0707943", "normalized_value": "10.1056/nejmoa0707943", "match": "exact", "version": null, "label": null, "from_source": false }, { "scheme": "pmid", "value": "18463375", "normalized_value": "18463375", "match": "exact", "version": null, "label": null, "from_source": false } ], "publication_date": "2008-05-08", "publisher": "The New England journal of medicine", "edition": "PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities, fetched 2026-10-14. 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The outcome in this context is primary cesarean delivery.", "care_setting": "15 centers in nine countries; the abstract does not describe the settings or name the countries.", "geography": "Not stated in the PubMed abstract", "life_stage_note": "Pregnancy (testing at 24 to 32 weeks) and delivery", "life_stage_terms": { "maternal": [ "pregnancy" ] }, "gestational_age_min_days": 168, "gestational_age_max_days": null, "gestational_age_basis": "at_measurement", "postnatal_age_min_days": null, "postnatal_age_max_days": null, "gestational_age_status": null, "postnatal_age_status": null, "followup_description": "From the 24 to 32 week test to delivery", "eligibility": { "inclusion": [ "Pregnant women who had a 75-g oral glucose-tolerance test at 24 to 32 weeks of gestation" ], "exclusion": [ "Women whose data were unblinded: fasting plasma glucose above 105 mg per deciliter (5.8 mmol per liter) or 2-hour plasma glucose above 200 mg per deciliter (11.1 mmol per liter)" ] } }, "evidence_stage": "observational", "certainty": "not_assessed", "certainty_method": null, "limitations": "An observational study, so these are associations. Data stayed blinded only if the fasting glucose was 105 mg per deciliter or less and the 2-hour glucose was 200 mg per deciliter or less. The abstract names primary cesarean delivery as one of four primary outcomes; the newborn outcomes are in a separate claim. 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