{
  "release_id": "c7fb95f1d15a7d13",
  "id": "maternal:bronchopulmonary-dysplasia",
  "owner": "maternal",
  "kind": "condition",
  "slug": "bronchopulmonary-dysplasia",
  "name": "Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (chronic lung disease of prematurity)",
  "aliases": [
    "BPD",
    "Chronic lung disease"
  ],
  "atlases": [
    "maternal"
  ],
  "summary_plain": "A long-lasting lung problem of babies born very early, also called chronic lung disease. The babies generally have inflamed or scarred lungs and need oxygen for longer, by nasal prongs, a mask or a breathing tube. A 2019 review calls it the most frequent complication of extreme preterm birth and says most extremely preterm babies now survive but often develop it.",
  "summary_technical": "Definitions differ by source and are not reconciled here. A review in Nature Reviews Disease Primers (PubMed abstract only) calls it chronic lung dysfunction in extremely preterm infants. A neonatal research network page describes inflamed or scarred lungs with the need for oxygen therapy. In a trial of CPAP against surfactant (a paper with an erratum that was not read) the primary outcome was death or BPD, defined as the need for supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks (with an attempt to withdraw oxygen in infants receiving less than 30% oxygen). In a trial of caffeine the abstract reports the share of infants alive at 36 weeks postmenstrual age who were receiving supplemental oxygen. No incidence figure is recorded here beyond what the claims on this page and the bottleneck page state.",
  "editorial_state": "draft",
  "last_substantive_edit": "2026-10-15",
  "last_evidence_check": "2026-10-15",
  "next_review_due": null,
  "identifiers": [],
  "navigation": {
    "maternal": {
      "life-stage": [
        "newborn",
        "infant-follow-up"
      ],
      "care-area": [
        "preterm-and-sick-newborn"
      ]
    }
  },
  "payload": {
    "recognition": null,
    "assessment": null,
    "burden_claims": [
      "maternal:claim-bpd-primer-most-frequent-complication"
    ]
  },
  "content_digest": "03d572c5d9376807387aa7ee6a9d48f8ba246368d576df8aee6712da970065b3",
  "review": {
    "content_digest": "03d572c5d9376807387aa7ee6a9d48f8ba246368d576df8aee6712da970065b3",
    "current": [],
    "conflicting": [],
    "stale": [],
    "inactive": []
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  "claims": [
    {
      "release_id": "c7fb95f1d15a7d13",
      "id": "maternal:claim-bpd-primer-most-frequent-complication",
      "owner": "maternal",
      "subject_entity_id": "maternal:bronchopulmonary-dysplasia",
      "category": "burden",
      "statement": "A 2019 review in Nature Reviews Disease Primers says that, apart from extremely preterm infants with suboptimal perinatal care or major antenatal events that cause severe respiratory failure at birth, most extremely preterm infants now survive but often develop chronic lung dysfunction called bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD, also known as chronic lung disease). It says that, despite major efforts to minimise injurious but often life-saving postnatal interventions (oxygen, mechanical ventilation and corticosteroids), BPD remains the most frequent complication of extreme preterm birth. It describes BPD as the result of an aberrant reparative response to both antenatal injury and repetitive postnatal injury to the developing lungs, with markedly impaired lung development.",
      "context": {
        "id": "maternal:ctx-bpd-extremely-preterm-primer",
        "label": "Extremely preterm infants who survive (review of bronchopulmonary dysplasia)",
        "recipient": "newborn",
        "population": "Extremely preterm infants, as described in a 2019 review of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The abstract gives no numbers, gestational age limits or setting.",
        "care_setting": "Not stated in the abstract (review article)",
        "geography": "Not stated in the abstract",
        "life_stage_note": "Extremely preterm infants who survive the newborn period",
        "life_stage_terms": {
          "maternal": [
            "newborn",
            "infant-follow-up"
          ]
        },
        "gestational_age_min_days": null,
        "gestational_age_max_days": null,
        "gestational_age_basis": null,
        "postnatal_age_min_days": null,
        "postnatal_age_max_days": null,
        "gestational_age_status": null,
        "postnatal_age_status": null,
        "followup_description": "Not applicable (review)",
        "eligibility": {
          "inclusion": [
            "Extremely preterm infants"
          ],
          "exclusion": []
        }
      },
      "evidence_stage": "synthesis",
      "certainty": "not_assessed",
      "certainty_method": null,
      "limitations": "A review abstract: no figures are given, and the abstract was the only part read (the PMC copy is not in the open access subset). It states no incidence, gestational age groups or follow-up.",
      "editorial_state": "draft",
      "checked_at": "2026-10-15",
      "next_review_due": null,
      "valid_from": null,
      "valid_to": null,
      "citations": [
        {
          "evidence_role": "supports",
          "locator": "Abstract, sentences 2 to 5",
          "applicability_note": "Survival, the frequency of BPD and its description.",
          "snapshot": {
            "id": "maternal:pubmed-31727986-2026-10-15",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-10-15T13:49:23Z",
            "content_hash": "26e8128cc2e48b0d5cadbe05997173ac3e3c73d1d7ec3512f1c458cafc0a8f38",
            "source_effective_date": null,
            "public_archive_url": null,
            "source_state": "current"
          },
          "source": {
            "id": "maternal:pubmed-10-1038-s41572-019-0127-7",
            "source_type": "publication",
            "title": "Bronchopulmonary dysplasia",
            "canonical_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0127-7",
            "identifiers": [
              {
                "scheme": "doi",
                "value": "10.1038/s41572-019-0127-7",
                "normalized_value": "10.1038/s41572-019-0127-7",
                "match": "exact",
                "version": null,
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                "from_source": false
              },
              {
                "scheme": "pmid",
                "value": "31727986",
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                "match": "exact",
                "version": null,
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                "from_source": false
              },
              {
                "scheme": "pmcid",
                "value": "PMC6986462",
                "normalized_value": "PMC6986462",
                "match": "exact",
                "version": null,
                "label": null,
                "from_source": false
              }
            ],
            "publication_date": "2019-11-14",
            "publisher": "Nature reviews. Disease primers",
            "edition": "PubMed record (abstract and bibliographic data) from NCBI E-utilities. The full text and the version of record were not fetched.",
            "reuse_basis": "PubMed record fetched through NCBI E-utilities. Only the hash of the bytes is kept, because publisher copyright may apply to the abstract (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/). Short factual quotations under 25 words, with the citation.",
            "public_text": "quote"
          }
        }
      ],
      "review": {
        "content_digest": "1ea6d751529d08342fef0eb9cb22f7312572158c7c475d125d1242d1fda38ad8",
        "current": [],
        "conflicting": [],
        "stale": [],
        "inactive": []
      },
      "api_path": "api/v1/claims/maternal--claim-bpd-primer-most-frequent-complication.json"
    }
  ],
  "decisions": [],
  "milestones": [],
  "relationships": {
    "outgoing": [
      {
        "predicate": "related_to",
        "label": "Long-term lung care (existing page)",
        "clinical_claim_not_fact": false,
        "family": "navigation",
        "other_entity_id": "maternal:preterm-lbw-care",
        "other_entity_in_atlas": true,
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        "predicate": "part_of",
        "label": "Filed under this front",
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    "incoming": [
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        "predicate": "related_to",
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        "family": "navigation",
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      {
        "predicate": "related_to",
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        "other_entity_id": "maternal:developmental-surveillance",
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      {
        "predicate": "evaluated_for",
        "label": "Evaluated for this",
        "clinical_claim_not_fact": true,
        "family": "clinical",
        "other_entity_id": "maternal:caffeine-citrate",
        "other_entity_in_atlas": true,
        "claim_id": "maternal:claim-cap-caffeine-bpd",
        "evidence": null,
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        "predicate": "evaluated_for",
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        "clinical_claim_not_fact": true,
        "family": "clinical",
        "other_entity_id": "maternal:nasal-cpap",
        "other_entity_in_atlas": true,
        "claim_id": "maternal:claim-support-cpap-vs-surfactant",
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  "page_path": "conditions/bronchopulmonary-dysplasia/",
  "context_path": "api/v1/context/maternal--bronchopulmonary-dysplasia.md"
}